caparoch can extend its territory as far south as northern Minnesota and many other states in the northern United States including more central states such as West Virginia, New York, and South Dakota. ulula resides across Siberia reaching its most eastern range. tianschanica breeds in Central Asia reaching Xinjiang ( China) and S. The other two subspecies are found in northeastern Europe and Siberia: S. caparoch spans from eastern Alaska through Canada to Newfoundland and in some areas extends south into northern United States. Three subspecies exist across the northern Holarctic. Calls can vary in length from 15 s to 2 min. To warn of impending dangers to a fledgling, the hawk-owl will let out a noise similar to ki ki kikikikiki. It also releases a high-pitched scream followed by a yip when an intruder is near to the nest. When alerting to danger, the northern hawk-owl lets out a sound similar to rike, rike, rike, rike. The female's call is usually less constant and more shrill. When attracting a mate the male usually lets out a rolled whistle of ulululululululul and a sound similar to tu-wita-wit, tiwita-tu-wita, wita, when perching at a potential nest site. Various calls are used by the different sexes in different situations. It has been suggested that this may be because the hawk-owl may partially fill an important diurnal niche similar to that of day hunters such as hawks. In North America, its appearance in flight is often considered similar to a Cooper's hawk ( Accipiter cooperii). The northern hawk-owl has been said to resemble a hawk in appearance and in behavior. The northern hawk-owl has a smokey white face with a black border, a flat head, yellow eyes and a yellow curved beak. It also has a long tail with brown banding. The underbelly is generally white or off-white which continues to the toes with brown bands on the breast and stomach. ![]() The northern hawk-owl plumage is relatively dark brown with an off-white spotting pattern on all dorsal parts of the body with the exception of the back of the neck which boasts a black v-shaped pattern. Both male and female have similar wingspans of about 45 cm (18 in). Females are slightly bigger with a length of 37.2–44.7 cm (14.6–17.6 in) and a mass of about 340 g (12 oz). caparoch ( Müller, PLS, 1776) – northern North America ulula (Linnaeus, 1758) – northern Eurasia tianschanica Smallbones, 1906 – central Asia to northern China and northern Mongolia Ī molecular phylogenetic study of the owls published in 2019 found that the northern hawk-owl is sister to a clade containing the pygmy owls in the genus Glaucidium. The specific epithet ulula is Latin for a "screech owl". The genus name is of unknown etymology and may simply have been invented by Duméril. The type species was designated by George Robert Gray in 1840 as the northern hawk-owl. The owl is now the only species placed in the genus Surnia that was introduced in 1805 by André Duméril. The northern hawk-owl was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Strix ulula. ![]() ![]() The species is sometimes called simply the hawk owl however, many species of owls in the genus Ninox are also called "hawk owls". This is the only living species in the genus Surnia of the family Strigidae, the "typical" owls (as opposed to barn owls, Tytonidae). It is one of the few owls that is neither nocturnal nor crepuscular, being active only during the day. It is non-migratory and usually stays within its breeding range, though it sometimes irrupts southward. The northern hawk-owl or northern hawk owl ( Surnia ulula) is a medium-sized true owl of the northern latitudes.
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